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TEJANO CULTURAL SOCIETY

Tejano History

TEJANO. The term Tejano, derived from the Spanish adjective tejano or (feminine) tejana (and written in Spanish with a lower-case t), denotes a Texan of Mexican descent, thus a Mexican Texan or a Texas Mexican. The term received greater currency at the end of the twentieth century than previously with subsequent changes in nuance and usage. It encompasses cultural manifestations in language, literature, art, music, and cuisine. As an adjective, Tex-Mex is a recently coined term related to, but not synonymous with, Tejano. Broader terms used at different times or for different segments of this ethnic group are Hispanic American, Latin American, Mexican, Mexican American, and Chicano.qv As early as 1824, Miguel Ramos Arispe, author of the (Mexican) Constitution of 1824,qv referred to the citizens of Texas as Tejanos in correspondence with the town council of Bexar. After the Mexican War of Independenceqv and the establishment of a federal government, the term Coahuiltejano denoted the citizens of the Mexican state of Coahuila and Texas.qv Hispanics in Texas identified themselves simply as Tejanos as early as January 1833, when leaders at Goliad used the term. The term Méjico-Tejano appeared in print in 1855, when the San Antonio newspaper El Bejareño reported a letter by José Antonio Navarroqv read at the second meeting of the Spanish-speaking members of the Bexar County Democratic party. Throughout the nineteenth century, Mexican (mexicano) was the term generally used in popular reference for a Mexican national or a Mexican American. As the boundaries of Texas changed to include the Nueces Strip, Laredo, and El Paso, so too did the term Tejano come to include the Hispanic and Mexican residents of those areas. Historians have applied the term specifically, perhaps anachronistically, to those Mexican Texans in Spanish Texas,qv to distinguish them from residents of other regions, and in Texas from the end of the Spanish era in 1821 to Texas Independence in 1836, in contradistinction to the Texianqv or Anglo-American residents of that time and of the Republic of Texas.qv Increasingly, Tejano, as a term denoting regional identity, referred to Mexican Texans of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and to the Hispanic Texans of the Spanish era. The term occurred with greater frequency in speech and written forms as the political activity of the ethnic group became pronounced, particularly following the Chicano movement of the mid-1960s. Tejano is now widely enough used that it is considered a naturalized item in the Texas lexicon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Robert A. Calvert and Arnoldo De León, The History of Texas (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1990). Arnoldo De León, Apuntes Tejanos (2 vols., (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International, 1978). Arnoldo De León, "Texas Mexicans: Twentieth-Century Interpretation," in Texas through Time: Evolving Interpretations, ed. Walter L. Buenger and Robert A. Calvert (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1991). Dictionary of Mexican American History (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981). Gerald E. Poyo and Gilberto M. Hinojosa, eds., Tejano Origins in Eighteenth-Century San Antonio (San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures, 1991). San Antonio Ledger, July 14, 1855. Andres A. Tijerina, Tejanos and Texas under the Mexican Flag, 1821-1836 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994). David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).

Adán Benavides, Jr.

SAN ANTONIO ? A Texas Independence Day pop quiz: On which side did Gregorio Esparza and Toribio Losoya fight during the siege of the Alamo?

If you answered, 'the Mexican army, you're wrong. They were among seven Tejanos who died defending the Alamo on March 6,1836. Tejanos ? Hispanics who were born in what would later become Texas ? were an important faction in the fight for Texas independence. Influential Tejanos Jose Antonio Navarro and Lorenzo de Zavala proudly risked death with the other signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2,1836.

Yet the sacrifices of Tejanos were forgotten ? sometimes purpose fully, historians remind us ? while Hollywood and myth persist in painting the Texas rebellion against Mexico as a battle solely between Anglo settlers and the Mexican government.

"Little has been done to explore the depth of Tejano involvement in the 1836 rebellion," said historian Gerald Poyo, a research associate at the University of Texas Institute of Texan Culture at San Antonio.

"Perhaps we're better off not celebrating Texas Independence Day until we gain a fuller appreciation of all those involved in the
struggle," Poyo said. Poyo and Gilberto Hinojosa, a historian and vice president for academic affairs at the University of Texas at San Antonio, are writing a book on 18th-century Texas.

The roots of rebellion lie deeper the Tejano community than in the johnny-come-lately Anglo settlers, Poyo said.

There had been a pattern of resistance to the rule of central government from Mexico City since the Spanish period of the 1770s, he said. That feeling predated the dissatisfaction with the Anglos by 50 years, according to Poyo.

Many of the Tejano elite backed the abortive attempt to set up an independent Republic of the North in 1813. Later, Tejanos were ardent supporters of the successful Mexican revolt against Spain in 1821, only to grow as unhappy with Mexican rule as with Spanish rule.

There is indication that the Tejanos preferred working toward independence through legal channels, while Anglos always had
annexation by the U.S. in the back of their. minds," Poyo said. "When open; revolt was declared, the tejanos had to make a decision, and they sided with the rebellion.

" ln 1836, about 4,000 Tejanos lived north of the Nueces River, where settlement was concentrated. Anglos numbered about 35,000, most of them fairly recent arrivals from the United States, Poyo said.

While the full extent of Tejano participation is not known, Hinojosa's research indicates that,Tejanos and established Anglo
colonist participated equally in the rebellion but were far outnumbered the newly arrived Americans.

Juan N. Seguin, son of a pioneer Tejano family, formed a volunteer company of Tejano soldiers with the ringing proclamation that "Texas shall be free, independent or we shall perish with glory in battle."

Members of Seguin's company served as scouts for Sam Houston and fought in three battles of the Texas revolution, including the Alamo and the decisive battle at San Jacinto.

Seguin escaped death at the Alamo only because he borrowed James Bowie's horse to seek help a few days before the old mission fell to Santa Anna's soldiers.

In his book Anglos and Mexicans, University of New Mexico sociologist David Montejano calls the Tejanos a people of paradox. "Jose Antonio Navarro and Juan Seguin believed it possible to be both a proud Mexican and a loyal Tejano," Montejano wrote. Yet, "the political alliance between Mexicans and Anglos in Texas ....began unraveling soon after the rout of Santa Anna's army at San Jacinto."

What followed was a sad and brutal period of Texas history. The Texas rebellion was an example of nation-building at work, and it was an Anglo nation being built," Poyo said. "Land that had been in Tejano hands for generations was soon transferred to Anglos, often through threat or out right fraud."

From 1836 until Texas statehood a decade later, Tejano communities in Victoria, Refugio, Goliad and other places were subjugated by Anglo settlers, Montejano wrote. In 1839, 100 Tejano families were forced to abandon their homes in Nacogdoches and flee south.

Land speculators benefitted by making quick, cheap real estate buys from Tejanos driven from their land.

According to state land records dating from 1837 to 1842,13 "American" buyers purchased 1.4 million acres of land from 358
Mexican owners, Montejano wrote. Even such heroes of the revolt as Juan Seguin were not exempt. As mayor of San Antonio in 1840, he grieved over the treatment of Tejanos by Anglo newcomers.

"Could I leave them defenseless, exposed to the assaults of foreigners, who, on the pretext that they were Mexicans, treated them worse than brutes?" Seguin wrote. In 1842, after numerous death threats, Seguin left his native San Antonio for exile in Mexico.

Another round of anti-Mexican sentiment and expulsions followed Texas' entry into the United States in 1845 and the Mexican War a year later, Montejano noted.

What we hope to do is open up areas of historical inquiry that have too long been ignored," Poyo said. "Perhaps we can get into the school textbooks a more balanced view of Tejano participation in Texas history, one that does not stigmatize Hispanics as the bad guys." Source: San Antonio Bureau of The Dallas Morning News, Thursday, March 2, 1989 pages 1a & 12a